초코볼의 inside Tech

ESP32 는 WiFi 및 Bluetooth 에 추가하여 Dual-core CPU 에 sensor 등, 작은 사이즈에 많은 기능을 내포하고 있습니다.

본격적인 IoT 생활을 위해 Arduino 보드에서 ESP32 로 넘어가는 중이라 ESP32 에 대해 공부하고 있습니다.

지금까지 작성된 ESP32 에 관한 글들은 아래 포스트들을 참고해 주세요.

* Hardware | ESP32 Cryptographic HW 가속 확인해 보기
    - https://chocoball.tistory.com/entry/Hardware-ESP32-Cryptographic-HW-acceleration

* Hardware | EPS32 PWM 기능 확인해 보기
    - https://chocoball.tistory.com/entry/Hardware-EPS32-PWM

* Hardware | ESP32 의 internal sensor 확인해 보기
    - https://chocoball.tistory.com/entry/Hardware-ESP32-internal-sensors

* Hardware | ESP32 의 Dual core 확인해 보기
    - https://chocoball.tistory.com/entry/Hardware-ESP32-Dual-core

* Hardware | ESP32 스펙 확인해 보기
    - https://chocoball.tistory.com/entry/Hardware-ESP32-spec-check

* Hardware | ESP32 간단 사용기
    - https://chocoball.tistory.com/entry/Hardware-simple-review-ESP32

1. Power Modes

ESP32 는 사용 전력량을 알맞게 활용할 수 있도록 5가지 Power 모드를 제공하고 있습니다. Off-Grid 에서의 활용에서는 필수겠죠.

아래 테이블은, 각 mode 들에 따른 ESP32 부위별 active / inactive 와 사용 전력 정보 입니다.

* Insight Into ESP32 Sleep Modes & Their Power Consumption
    - https://lastminuteengineers.com/esp32-sleep-modes-power-consumption/

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Power Mode  | Active                 | Inactive               | Power        |
|             |                        |                        | Consumption  |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Active      | WiFi, Bluetooth, Radio |                        | 160 ~ 260 mA |
|             | ESP32 Core             |                        |              |
|             | ULP Co-processor       |                        |              |
|             | Peripherals, RTC       |                        |              |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Modem Sleep | ESP32 Core             | WiFi, Bluetooth, Radio |   3 ~ 20 mA  |
|             | ULP Co-processor, RTC  | Peripherals            |              |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Light Sleep | ULP Co-processor, RTC  | WiFi, Bluetooth, Radio |     0.8 mA   |
|             | ESP32 Core (Paused)    | Peripherals            |              |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Deep Sleep  | ULP Co-processor, RTC  | WiFi, Bluetooth, Radio |     10 uA    |
|             |                        | ESP32 Core, Peripherals|              |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Hibernation | RTC                    | ESP32 Core             |     2.5 uA   |
|             |                        | ULP Co-processor       |              |
|             |                        | WiFi, Bluetooth, Radio |              |
|             |                        | Peripherals            |              |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

사용하지 않는 부분을 죽이고 최대한 사용 전력을 아끼는 방법입니다.

사양서에는, 좀더 자세한 power mode 별 소비 전력이 안내되어 있습니다.

이번 포스트에서 집중적으로 확인해 볼 Deep sleep 에서는 CPU 를 사용하지 않고, 소전력으로 돌아가는 ULP processor 를 활용합니다.

참고고, ESP32 에서 사용되는 전력의 많은 부분은 역시 WiFi/Bluetooth 이군요.

2. RTC_IO / Touch

Deep sleep 시에 ESP32 를 깨우거나 입력을 받아들이는 pin 은 RTC_IO / Touch 핀들 입니다.

즉, 이 pin 들을 통하여 ULP co-processor 에 자극을 줘서 deep sleep 에서 깨어날 수 있도록 open 된 핀들이라고 할 수 있겠네요.

참고로 모든 Touch 핀들은 RTC_IO 핀들에 포함되어 있습니다.

3. 깨우기 - timer

/*
Simple Deep Sleep with Timer Wake Up
=====================================
ESP32 offers a deep sleep mode for effective power
saving as power is an important factor for IoT
applications. In this mode CPUs, most of the RAM,
and all the digital peripherals which are clocked
from APB_CLK are powered off. The only parts of
the chip which can still be powered on are:
RTC controller, RTC peripherals ,and RTC memories

This code displays the most basic deep sleep with
a timer to wake it up and how to store data in
RTC memory to use it over reboots

This code is under Public Domain License.

Author:
Pranav Cherukupalli - cherukupallip@gmail.com
*/

#define uS_TO_S_FACTOR 1000000ULL  /* Conversion factor for micro seconds to seconds */
#define TIME_TO_SLEEP  5        /* Time ESP32 will go to sleep (in seconds) */

RTC_DATA_ATTR int bootCount = 0;

/*
Method to print the reason by which ESP32
has been awaken from sleep
*/
void print_wakeup_reason(){
  esp_sleep_wakeup_cause_t wakeup_reason;

  wakeup_reason = esp_sleep_get_wakeup_cause();

  switch(wakeup_reason)
  {
    case ESP_SLEEP_WAKEUP_EXT0 : Serial.println("Wakeup caused by external signal using RTC_IO"); break;
    case ESP_SLEEP_WAKEUP_EXT1 : Serial.println("Wakeup caused by external signal using RTC_CNTL"); break;
    case ESP_SLEEP_WAKEUP_TIMER : Serial.println("Wakeup caused by timer"); break;
    case ESP_SLEEP_WAKEUP_TOUCHPAD : Serial.println("Wakeup caused by touchpad"); break;
    case ESP_SLEEP_WAKEUP_ULP : Serial.println("Wakeup caused by ULP program"); break;
    default : Serial.printf("Wakeup was not caused by deep sleep: %d\n",wakeup_reason); break;
  }
}

void setup(){
  Serial.begin(115200);
  delay(1000); //Take some time to open up the Serial Monitor

  //Increment boot number and print it every reboot
  ++bootCount;
  Serial.println("Boot number: " + String(bootCount));

  //Print the wakeup reason for ESP32
  print_wakeup_reason();

  /*
  First we configure the wake up source
  We set our ESP32 to wake up every 5 seconds
  */
  esp_sleep_enable_timer_wakeup(TIME_TO_SLEEP * uS_TO_S_FACTOR);
  Serial.println("Setup ESP32 to sleep for every " + String(TIME_TO_SLEEP) +
  " Seconds");

  /*
  Next we decide what all peripherals to shut down/keep on
  By default, ESP32 will automatically power down the peripherals
  not needed by the wakeup source, but if you want to be a poweruser
  this is for you. Read in detail at the API docs
  http://esp-idf.readthedocs.io/en/latest/api-reference/system/deep_sleep.html
  Left the line commented as an example of how to configure peripherals.
  The line below turns off all RTC peripherals in deep sleep.
  */
  //esp_deep_sleep_pd_config(ESP_PD_DOMAIN_RTC_PERIPH, ESP_PD_OPTION_OFF);
  //Serial.println("Configured all RTC Peripherals to be powered down in sleep");

  /*
  Now that we have setup a wake cause and if needed setup the
  peripherals state in deep sleep, we can now start going to
  deep sleep.
  In the case that no wake up sources were provided but deep
  sleep was started, it will sleep forever unless hardware
  reset occurs.
  */
  Serial.println("Going to sleep now");
  Serial.flush(); 
  esp_deep_sleep_start();
  Serial.println("This will never be printed");
}

void loop(){
  //This is not going to be called
}

Serial Monitor 를 통해, 5초마다 깨어나는 상황을 확인 할 수 있습니다.

4. 깨우기 - touch pin

터치센서를 통하여 잠에서 깨우는 소스 입니다. 이것도 마찬가지로 기본 제공되는 Example 을 이용하여 확인해 봤습니다.

/*
Deep Sleep with Touch Wake Up
=====================================
This code displays how to use deep sleep with
a touch as a wake up source and how to store data in
RTC memory to use it over reboots

This code is under Public Domain License.

Author:
Pranav Cherukupalli - cherukupallip@gmail.com
*/

#define Threshold 40 /* Greater the value, more the sensitivity */

RTC_DATA_ATTR int bootCount = 0;
touch_pad_t touchPin;
/*
Method to print the reason by which ESP32
has been awaken from sleep
*/
void print_wakeup_reason(){
  esp_sleep_wakeup_cause_t wakeup_reason;

  wakeup_reason = esp_sleep_get_wakeup_cause();

  switch(wakeup_reason)
  {
    case ESP_SLEEP_WAKEUP_EXT0 : Serial.println("Wakeup caused by external signal using RTC_IO"); break;
    case ESP_SLEEP_WAKEUP_EXT1 : Serial.println("Wakeup caused by external signal using RTC_CNTL"); break;
    case ESP_SLEEP_WAKEUP_TIMER : Serial.println("Wakeup caused by timer"); break;
    case ESP_SLEEP_WAKEUP_TOUCHPAD : Serial.println("Wakeup caused by touchpad"); break;
    case ESP_SLEEP_WAKEUP_ULP : Serial.println("Wakeup caused by ULP program"); break;
    default : Serial.printf("Wakeup was not caused by deep sleep: %d\n",wakeup_reason); break;
  }
}

/*
Method to print the touchpad by which ESP32
has been awaken from sleep
*/
void print_wakeup_touchpad(){
  touchPin = esp_sleep_get_touchpad_wakeup_status();

  switch(touchPin)
  {
    case 0  : Serial.println("Touch detected on GPIO 4"); break;
    case 1  : Serial.println("Touch detected on GPIO 0"); break;
    case 2  : Serial.println("Touch detected on GPIO 2"); break;
    case 3  : Serial.println("Touch detected on GPIO 15"); break;
    case 4  : Serial.println("Touch detected on GPIO 13"); break;
    case 5  : Serial.println("Touch detected on GPIO 12"); break;
    case 6  : Serial.println("Touch detected on GPIO 14"); break;
    case 7  : Serial.println("Touch detected on GPIO 27"); break;
    case 8  : Serial.println("Touch detected on GPIO 33"); break;
    case 9  : Serial.println("Touch detected on GPIO 32"); break;
    default : Serial.println("Wakeup not by touchpad"); break;
  }
}

void callback(){
  //placeholder callback function
}

void setup(){
  Serial.begin(115200);
  delay(1000); //Take some time to open up the Serial Monitor

  //Increment boot number and print it every reboot
  ++bootCount;
  Serial.println("Boot number: " + String(bootCount));

  //Print the wakeup reason for ESP32 and touchpad too
  print_wakeup_reason();
  print_wakeup_touchpad();

  //Setup interrupt on Touch Pad 3 (GPIO15)
  touchAttachInterrupt(T3, callback, Threshold);

  //Configure Touchpad as wakeup source
  esp_sleep_enable_touchpad_wakeup();

  //Go to sleep now
  Serial.println("Going to sleep now");
  esp_deep_sleep_start();
  Serial.println("This will never be printed");
}

void loop(){
  //This will never be reached
}

5. 깨우기 - EXT(0) external wake ups

Pin 의 HIGH/LOW 입력을 통하여 깨우는 방법 입니다.

/*
Deep Sleep with External Wake Up
=====================================
This code displays how to use deep sleep with
an external trigger as a wake up source and how
to store data in RTC memory to use it over reboots

This code is under Public Domain License.

Hardware Connections
======================
Push Button to GPIO 33 pulled down with a 10K Ohm
resistor

NOTE:
======
Only RTC IO can be used as a source for external wake
source. They are pins: 0,2,4,12-15,25-27,32-39.

Author:
Pranav Cherukupalli -cherukupallip@gmail.com
*/

//#define BUTTON_PIN_BITMASK 0x200000000 // 2^33 in hex
#define BUTTON_PIN_BITMASK 0x16 // 2^4 in hex

RTC_DATA_ATTR int bootCount = 0;

/*
Method to print the reason by which ESP32
has been awaken from sleep
*/
void print_wakeup_reason(){
  esp_sleep_wakeup_cause_t wakeup_reason;

  wakeup_reason = esp_sleep_get_wakeup_cause();

  switch(wakeup_reason)
  {
    case ESP_SLEEP_WAKEUP_EXT0 : Serial.println("Wakeup caused by external signal using RTC_IO"); break;
    case ESP_SLEEP_WAKEUP_EXT1 : Serial.println("Wakeup caused by external signal using RTC_CNTL"); break;
    case ESP_SLEEP_WAKEUP_TIMER : Serial.println("Wakeup caused by timer"); break;
    case ESP_SLEEP_WAKEUP_TOUCHPAD : Serial.println("Wakeup caused by touchpad"); break;
    case ESP_SLEEP_WAKEUP_ULP : Serial.println("Wakeup caused by ULP program"); break;
    default : Serial.printf("Wakeup was not caused by deep sleep: %d\n",wakeup_reason); break;
  }
}

void setup(){
  Serial.begin(115200);
  delay(1000); //Take some time to open up the Serial Monitor

  //Increment boot number and print it every reboot
  ++bootCount;
  Serial.println("Boot number: " + String(bootCount));

  //Print the wakeup reason for ESP32
  print_wakeup_reason();

  /*
  First we configure the wake up source
  We set our ESP32 to wake up for an external trigger.
  There are two types for ESP32, ext0 and ext1 .
  ext0 uses RTC_IO to wakeup thus requires RTC peripherals
  to be on while ext1 uses RTC Controller so doesnt need
  peripherals to be powered on.
  Note that using internal pullups/pulldowns also requires
  RTC peripherals to be turned on.
  */
//  esp_sleep_enable_ext0_wakeup(GPIO_NUM_33,1); //1 = High, 0 = Low
  esp_sleep_enable_ext0_wakeup(GPIO_NUM_4,1); //1 = High, 0 = Low

  //If you were to use ext1, you would use it like
  //esp_sleep_enable_ext1_wakeup(BUTTON_PIN_BITMASK,ESP_EXT1_WAKEUP_ANY_HIGH);

  //Go to sleep now
  Serial.println("Going to sleep now");
  esp_deep_sleep_start();
  Serial.println("This will never be printed");
}

void loop(){
  //This is not going to be called
}

2^(pin 번호) 를 16진수로 표현하여 정의합니다. GPIO_4 이므로, 우선 2 의 4승 계산은 다음과 같습니다.

2^4 = 16

위의 결과를 16진수로 변경해야 합니다. 아래 사이트의 converter 를 이용하면 편합니다.

* Decimal to Hexadecimal converter
    - https://www.rapidtables.com/convert/number/decimal-to-hex.html

최종적으로 2^4 = 16 > 10 (Hexadecimal) 가 됩니다.

...

//#define BUTTON_PIN_BITMASK 0x200000000 // 2^33 in hex
#define BUTTON_PIN_BITMASK 0x10 // 2^4 in hex

...

//  esp_sleep_enable_ext0_wakeup(GPIO_NUM_33,1); //1 = High, 0 = Low
  esp_sleep_enable_ext0_wakeup(GPIO_NUM_4,1); //1 = High, 0 = Low

...

정상 작동 되는군요.

6. 깨우기 - EXT(1) external wake ups

외부 입력을 통한 방법은 위의 EXT(0) 와 같으나, 이번에는 두 개의 스위치를 이용하는 방법 입니다.

/*
Deep Sleep with External Wake Up
=====================================
This code displays how to use deep sleep with
an external trigger as a wake up source and how
to store data in RTC memory to use it over reboots
 
This code is under Public Domain License.
 
Hardware Connections
======================
Push Button to GPIO 33 pulled down with a 10K Ohm
resistor
 
NOTE:
======
Only RTC IO can be used as a source for external wake
source. They are pins: 0,2,4,12-15,25-27,32-39.
 
Author:
Pranav Cherukupalli - cherukupallip@gmail.com
*/
 
#define BUTTON_PIN_BITMASK 0x8004 // GPIOs 2 and 15
 
RTC_DATA_ATTR int bootCount = 0;
 
/*
Method to print the reason by which ESP32
has been awaken from sleep
*/
void print_wakeup_reason(){
  esp_sleep_wakeup_cause_t wakeup_reason;
 
  wakeup_reason = esp_sleep_get_wakeup_cause();
 
  switch(wakeup_reason)
  {
    case ESP_SLEEP_WAKEUP_EXT0 : Serial.println("Wakeup caused by external signal using RTC_IO"); break;
    case ESP_SLEEP_WAKEUP_EXT1 : Serial.println("Wakeup caused by external signal using RTC_CNTL"); break;
    case ESP_SLEEP_WAKEUP_TIMER : Serial.println("Wakeup caused by timer"); break;
    case ESP_SLEEP_WAKEUP_TOUCHPAD : Serial.println("Wakeup caused by touchpad"); break;
    case ESP_SLEEP_WAKEUP_ULP : Serial.println("Wakeup caused by ULP program"); break;
    default : Serial.printf("Wakeup was not caused by deep sleep: %d\n",wakeup_reason); break;
  }
}
 
/*
Method to print the GPIO that triggered the wakeup
*/
void print_GPIO_wake_up(){
  int GPIO_reason = esp_sleep_get_ext1_wakeup_status();
  Serial.print("GPIO that triggered the wake up: GPIO ");
  Serial.println((log(GPIO_reason))/log(2), 0);
}
   
void setup(){
  Serial.begin(115200);
  delay(1000); //Take some time to open up the Serial Monitor
 
  //Increment boot number and print it every reboot
  ++bootCount;
  Serial.println("Boot number: " + String(bootCount));
 
  //Print the wakeup reason for ESP32
  print_wakeup_reason();
 
  //Print the GPIO used to wake up
  print_GPIO_wake_up();
 
  /*
  First we configure the wake up source
  We set our ESP32 to wake up for an external trigger.
  There are two types for ESP32, ext0 and ext1 .
  ext0 uses RTC_IO to wakeup thus requires RTC peripherals
  to be on while ext1 uses RTC Controller so doesnt need
  peripherals to be powered on.
  Note that using internal pullups/pulldowns also requires
  RTC peripherals to be turned on.
  */
  //esp_deep_sleep_enable_ext0_wakeup(GPIO_NUM_15,1); //1 = High, 0 = Low
 
  //If you were to use ext1, you would use it like
  esp_sleep_enable_ext1_wakeup(BUTTON_PIN_BITMASK,ESP_EXT1_WAKEUP_ANY_HIGH);
 
  //Go to sleep now
  Serial.println("Going to sleep now");
  delay(1000);
  esp_deep_sleep_start();
  Serial.println("This will never be printed");
}
 
void loop(){
  //This is not going to be called
}

여기서의 포인트는, 입력을 받는 복수의 GPIO 번호를 더해서 BITMASK 를 구하는 것 입니다.

사용된 GPIO 정보는 2번과 15번 입니다.

GPIO_2 + GPIO_15 > 2^2 + 2^15 = 32772

32772 의 16진수는 8004 입니다.

원본 소스에서 아래처럼 GPIO 의 BITMASK 변경과, 어떤 GPIO 가 눌렀는지의 표시, 그리고 EXT1 을 정의해 줍니다.

...

#define BUTTON_PIN_BITMASK 0x8004 // GPIOs 2 and 15
...

/*
Method to print the GPIO that triggered the wakeup
*/
void print_GPIO_wake_up(){
  int GPIO_reason = esp_sleep_get_ext1_wakeup_status();
  Serial.print("GPIO that triggered the wake up: GPIO ");
  Serial.println((log(GPIO_reason))/log(2), 0);
}
  
...

  //If you were to use ext1, you would use it like
  esp_sleep_enable_ext1_wakeup(BUTTON_PIN_BITMASK,ESP_EXT1_WAKEUP_ANY_HIGH);

...

Serial Monitor 의 결과는 다음과 같아요. 어느 GPIO 핀에서 입력 받았는지를 표시해 줍니다.

7. 전류 확인 - Deep sleep

실재로 전류 변화가 있는지 확인해 봤습니다.

음... 그리 많이 차이나지 않군요.

Examples 에서 제공되는 기본 소스는 Wake up 만 확인하는 소스이지, 계산을 시키거나 하는 것이 아니라서 그런 것 같습니다.

FIN

배터리를 가지고 동작하는 장비들은 필수로 가지고 있어야 할 Power mode 들, 특히 Deep sleep 에 대해 알아 봤습니다.

전력 소비가 가장 심한 WiFi/Bluetooth 부분을 어떻게 활용하면서 운용해야 하는지를 많이 고민해야 할 것 같네요.

- WiFi/Bluetooth 연결 정보는 연결 실패 exception 이나 스케줄에 따라 실시

- 가능한 정보는 memory 에 저장하여 꺼내 쓰는 방식으로

- 배터리 방전 threshold 값을 모니터링 하고, 일정 값 이하로 내려가면 지속적인 alert 발생

- WiFi/Bluetooth 에 사용되는 전류량을 컨트롤 하여, 근거리 통신 -> 중거리 -> 장거리 통신으로 연결하게끔 구성

- DTIM (Delivery Traffic Indication Message) beacon mechanism 등을 활용

- 등등...